Mu mateka y’Afrika nkuko abazungu bayakwije mu bitabo byose banditse,Abanyafrika babagabanijemo ibice bya ba Bantu,Nilote,Hamite,Bushmen (iri jambo risobanura abantu bo mu bihuru) na Cushites.Ba Bantu ni abatuye mu gice kinini kiri munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara, gikubiyemo Cameroun,Republika ya Afrika yo hagati,Congo zombi,Kenya,Uganda,Rwanda,Burundi,Tanzaniya,Zambiya,Mozambique,Angola,Botswana,Zimbabwe,Namibiya na Afrika y’epfo.
Kuri iki gice icyo twibandaho ni kuri abo bantu abazungu bahimbye ba Bantu batuye muri ibyo bihugu byose,bavuga indimi za bantu zirenga 500.Kubita batyo ngo ni uko bose bafite iryo jambo « bantu » mu ndimi zabo,ariko nyinshi muri zo ntabwo barigira hamwe n’ayandi menshi basangiye,yerekana ko ngo bose bakomoka ku muntu umwe.Uwo muntu ngo ubyara ba Bantu bose,yari atuye mu gice kiri hagati ya Cameruni na Nijeriya kandi ngo havumbuwe n’umuntu witwa Joseph Greenberg,uri mu bahanga mu ndimi. Nyamara undi muhanga cyane muri izo ndimi wanatangiye ubwo bushakashatsi bw’indimi za Bantu witwa Malcolm Guthrie,ahakana ko uwo mukurambere ubyara ba Bantu atari atuye muri ibyo bice,ahubwo we agakeka ko yari atuye muri za Katanga,nyuma abamukomotseho bagasuhukira mu bice byose bya Bantu.
Kwita abo bantu bose ba « Bantu » nubwo atari igitutsi mu byukuri ni ikinyabupfura gike,kuko nta gihugu na kimwe cyangwase ubwoko na bumwe umuzungu yasanze muri Afrika bwitwa Bantu.Ba Bushmen bo mu bice bya Afrika yo hepfo nabyo ni ibitutsi gusa,kuko nta mhamvu yo kwita abantu « abantu bo mu bihuru ! » Abiswe ba Nilotes,ni abantu batuye mu bihugu bya Sudani,Uganda na Kenya,bakaba rero ngo baritiriwe uruzi rwa Niri.Abiswe ba hamite nkuko turibusobanure ytwigiye imbere,ni aborozi bo mu bice bya Rwanda,Burundi Congo Uganda na Tanzania.
Ayo mazina yose rero ni ayavuye ku rugomo rwa kizungu,umuzungu ahimba abantu amazina yose ashatse ngo abereke ko yabakolonije akabita icyo ashatse.Muri ayo rero irya « Hamite » ryari rikabije cyane, kuburyo aho Abanyafrika bamwe batangiriye kugera mu mashuri bashoboye kuryamagana, buhoro buhoro abazungu bemera kurireka.Abanyafrika bahimbwe ba « Bantu » bo rero,ntabwo bigeze bagerageza guhindura iryo zina abazungu babahimbye,ahubwo ndetse benshi muri bo batanazin’ icyo iryo jambo Bantu rivuze bararyishimiye barisamira hejuru,kuko bisa naho nta bwoko bari basanganywe,umuzungu abaha « indangabwoko/indangamuntu /identite » nshya batagiraga,bahinduka abasangwataka « majorite » ngo kuko umuzungu yabivuze. Aha twatanga nk’urugero kuri Kayibanda,kubera ko se yari umunyekongo akaba atari gushobora kuba umunyarwanda nyawe (kuko atari gufata ubwoko bwa nyina),indangabwoko ya Bantu rero yamugiriye akamaro cyane, arayikomeza, ku ngoma ye akajya ayikangisha anayicisha Abatutsi kuko ngo batari ba Bantu.
Ubwo bugenzuzi bwerekeye indimi za Bantu bwatangiwe muri 1948 na Malcolm Guthrie,umupastori w’umuporoso (Missionaire) muri Zambiya,nyuma yabaye umwarimu wigishaga mu ishuri rikuru rya School of African and Oriental Studies mu Bwongereza,aho na Alexis Kagame yigiye.Uwo muntu yakoranije amagambo ibihumbi makumyabiri yavanye muri izo ndimi zose za Bantu,hakaba rero ntwavuga ko atazikozemo ubushakashatsi buhagije.Uretse no kwiga izo ndimi nyine, ikindi cy’ingezi kiri muri ubwo bugenzuzi,ni ukwiga ukuntu abantu bavuga izo ndimi basuhukiye muri ibyo bihugu byose,aho baciye,icyabateye gusuhuka,n’igihe iryo suhuka ryatangiriye.Kuva ubwo rero hari abandi bazungu bahagurukiye gukora ubwo bugenzuzi,ariko ntabwo bose bigeze bahuza,kuko buri wese yashakaga ko igitekerezo cye kiba aricyo cyemerwa,bituma rero badashaka gufatanya.Nkubwo usanga umwe afite igitekerezo cye ku ngingo imwe undi akagira icye bikaba kugeza ubu ari urujijo kuko nabo ubwabo batumvikana.
Bimwe mu bibazo by’ingutu byakomeje kubangamira abo bazungu bihaye kwandika kuri izo ndimi n’abazivuga,uretse ko batazizi,ahanini ubu bugenzuzi bushingiye ku migani gusa,kuko nta cyemezo nyacyo gifite ibihamya simusiga byemeza ko uwo mukurambere ubyara ba Bantu bose yari atuye muri Kameruni.Nta nyandiko ziriho zibihamya,nta migani ya giturage ibihamya,nta bugenzuzi bundi bwakozwe ngo bwerekane amatongo y’uwo mukurambere,ndetse n’ibyemezo by’amaraso y’umurage (genetic evidence) ntibishyigikira ko ba Bantu bose bavuye muri Kameruni.
Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’amatorero atandukanye yiga ibya genetique,basanze ko ngo amaraso y’umurage y’abagore (Mitochondrial DNA) y’igitsinagore gusa n’ay’abagabo (Y-Chromosome) y’igitsinagabo gusa basanze atandukanye cyane,nuko bibayobeye bafata icyemezo cy’uko ngo ibyo byatewe nuko Abategarugori basuhukiye ukwabo abagabo nabo basuhukira ukwabo bahurira iyo basuhukiye.Ikindi ubwo bushakashatsi bwerekanye, nuko ba Bantu bose bafite amaraso menshi y’Abatwa (Pygmees) bo mu mashyamba yo muri Kongo.Ubwo rero imhuguke zimaze gushoberwa n’ibyo,bavuze ko ngo byatewe nuko ba Bantu bamaze gusuhuka bahisemo kwirongorera abadamu b’Abatwakazi gusa, kuko ngo aribo babyaraga cyane kandi ngo nta nkwano zatangwaga.
Mu ndimi z’iBuraya ho byoroheye abazungu kuziga no kuzigabanya mu byiciro byazo,kuko uretse nyine ko ari izabo kavukire,hari n’izindi zaho za cyera cyane zimwe ndetse zapfuye zitakivugwayo ariko bizwi neza ko zariho,zikaba rero arizo abahanga mu ndimi bitabaza mu kwiga no gutegura imyanya n’ibyiciro zishyirwamo mu mateka y’ibihugu.Muri izo ndimi hariho nk’urwo bita Sanskrit rw’iBuhinde,bavuga ko ari rumwe mu ndimi za cyera cyane zaje gushamikirwaho n’izindi ziremye icyiciro kinini cya « Indo-European languages. » Izindi nk’ikiratini cyapfuye nyuma ingoma y’abaroma ihangutse mu wa 500 nyuma ya Yezu,cyavutsemo ishami ry’indimi bise « romance/latine » zirimo igifransa.Ikindi bita « Celtic » ni ikirimi cyavugwaga n’abantu bari batuye mu Buraya mbere ya Yezu nyuma Abaroma barabatsemba,abasigaye bahungira mu birwa by’iBwongereza bya Wales na Irlande.Ikindi kirimi gikuru iBuraya ni ikidage cyavugwaga mbere ya Yezu,kikanaba aricyo umuryango umwe w’indimi ziBuraya bita Germanique urimo icyongereza n’ikidage zishingiyeho. Mu ndimi za Bantu rero nta rurimi nk’urwo dufite umuntu yaheraho ngo arugereranishe ashakishe aho izi ndimi za Bantu zikomoka.
Isuhuka ry’abo Abazungu bahimbye ba Bantu ubu batuye mu bice byo muri Afrika hepfo y’ubutayu bwa Sahara bavuga indimi za Bantu zirimo Ikinyarwanda,ryakomeje kuzana ibibazo mu mhuguke no mu bandi bantu bajijutse,benshi ndetse bakavuga ku mugaragaro ko ritabayeho, ahubwo rikaba imigani y’imihimbano ya kizungu gusa.Ibyo aribyo byose ariko,amasuhuka mu bice by’isi yose yabayeho,kandi azakomeza kubaho, icyo bahinyuza aha gusa kikaba iryo suhuka rya ba Bantu ngo bava muri Kameruni ku Mukurambere umwe wababyaye bose,kandi ngo wavugaga ururimi rumwe Abazungu bahimbye Proto-Bantu, indimi za bantu zose ngo zikomokaho.
Ibyo gusuhuka byo ntawabihakana, kuko abantu bahora basuhuka kubera intambara,inzara,amapfa,imiryango itumvikana,ingoma nshyashya zimikwaga zigasagarira abaturage bamwe bikaba ngombwa kwimuka,n’aho ibihingwa byinshi bivuye muri Amerika bimariye gusesekara muri Afrika,abantu benshi barasuhutse ngo babone aho bicara bahinge bisesure. Aha urugero twatanga ni ku basuhuke bo muri Kenya,Uganda na Tanzaniya batuye ubu ku nkengero z’ingezi ya Victoriya Nyanza bavuga ko bahasuhukiye nko mu myaka 150 ishize.Aho birazwi neza ko ayo masuhuka yateye intambara hagati y’abahinzi bahasuhukiraga n’aborozi bari bahasanzwe barwanira ubutaka.Zimwe muri izo ntambara zari hagati y’aborozi b’Abamasayi,Abanandi,Abakipsigis,Abakalenjin,Abagalla n’Abanyasomaliya n’Abaluo barwanaga n’abahinzi b’Abagisii,Abaluyia,Abagikuyu,Abakamba n’abandi.Izo ntambara ndetse bavuga ko zari zikirwanwa igihe Abongereza bakolonizaga ibyo bihugu zikabafasha kuhakoloniza bitabagoye,kuko Abongereza bafatanije n’Abagikuyu n’andi moko amwe kurwanya Abamasayi n’ abandi borozi.
Ikindi cy’ingenzi twigira kuri ayo masuhuko yo muri ibyo bihugu,ni uko kubera kuvangavanga ayo moko ari ay’abahinzi cyangwase ay’aborozi,byateye indimi bavugaga gukomeza guhinduka,zitandukana n’izavugwaga aho bakomotse.Ibi kandi ntibyabaye muri ibi bihugu gusa,ahubwo mu bice byose bya ba Bantu uko niko indimi zaho zakomeje gutandukana,uko abantu bakomezaga gutagarana bitewe n’ayo masuhuko.Icyitegererezo cyoroshye kuri ibyo kandi ni nko kuri ba Banyarwanda bita “Abanyamurenge,” basuhukiye muri Congo ku ngoma ya Gahindiro (sinibuka neza),ariko ubu ikinyarwanda bavuga gitandukanye n’ikivugwa mu Rwanda.
Isuhuka rya rukokoma muri ayo bavuga ko ryabanjirije ayo yose,ryatewe nuko mbere muri Sahara hatari ubutayu nkuko bimeze muri iki gihe,ahubwo ngo hari hatuwemo n’abahinzi n’aborozi. Nyuma rero nko mu myaka ya 3000‑2500 mbere y’iyi myaka,ni ukuvuga hirya y’imyaka 5000‑4500 ishize,haje gutera amapfa Sahara ihinduka ubutayu.Ibyo byatumye abari bahatuye bose bahambira basuhukira mu majyepfo y’Afrika,bakwira mu bice byose byo hasi ya Sahara,kuva muri Cameroun,Congo,Uganda na Kenya kumanuka kugeza muri Afrika yo hepfo. Ayo mapfa koko yabayeho,ariko nta cyemezo kiriho cyemeza ko abatuye mu bihugu byose bise ibya ba “Bantu” aribwo bahasuhukiye.
Kuri karte yererekana itandukaniro riri hagati y’indimi za Bantu zivugwa muri zones (uturere) zagabanijwemo na Malcolm Guthrie, bikurikije isano zifitanye mu magambo ashingiye ku kubara kuva kuri rimwe kugeza ku icumi.Indimi za Bantu byabaye ngombwa kuzigabanyamo ibyiciro 16 bise “Zones” (ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS), nubwo bagombaga kuzigabanyamo amashami (branches) yuzuye nk’iz’iBuraya,babigirira gupfobya no kwambura agaciro amateka y’Afrika n’ibindi bice by’isi byakolonijwe.Birazwi neza ko muri za universites nyinshi zo mu Buraya no muri Amerika ya ruguru,mu myaka ya za 1960 nta nyigisho nyinshi zarimo zigishaga amateka y’Afrika,kuko bayifataga nk’ahantu hari hatuwe n’abantu batagiraga amateka (histoire).Gukurikirana amava n’amavuko y’izi ndimi ntibireba rero abazobereye mu ndimi (linguistes) gusa,ahubwo ni bumwe mu bushakashatsi bukeneye gukorwa na buri muntu wese ushize ubute,bugakoreshwa kwiga amateka yerekeye isuhuka ry’abatuye mu bice by’Afrika yo hepfo ya Sahara (Migrations Bantues/Bantuphones),icyariteye,aho ryatangiriye,aho ryakomotse n’aho ryerekeraga.
Muri iki gihe rero, kuko hari ubushakahatsi bwakozwe n’imhuguke zimwe zirimo n’iz’Abanyafrika bazi izi ndimi neza kandi bamwe muri bo ari izabo kavukire,batangiye guhakana ko iryo suhuka ritabayeho, kuko nta cyemezo kiriho cyemeza ko ba Bantu bose bakomoka ku Mukurambere umwe wari utuye muri Kameruni bose bakomokaho.Iryo suhuka nanjye ntabwo nigeze ndyemera.Umuflama witwa Jan Vansina wanditse cyane ku Rwanda,nawe iryo suhuka ntaryemera,we akavuga ko isano riri hagati y’indimi za Bantu ryatewe n’ibyo agereranya no kujugunya ibuye mu kidendezi rikazanamo umuvumba,ariko akagira ingeso mbi yo kudatanga ubusobanuro buhagije mu nyandiko ze zose ashaka ko icyo yanditse cyose cyemerwe nkaho ari Gatigisimu. Nk’ubwo ntasobanura uwajugunye iryo buye muri icyo kidendezi.
Muri izo ndimi zo mu turere twose twa Bantu,izihwanye cyane kurusha izindi ni izo mu turere (zones) twa “FGJE” turimo Rwanda,Burundi,igice cya Uganda,igice cya Kenya n’igice cya Tanzaniya.Izitandukanye cyane nanone zisa naho zitagira icyo zihuriyeho, ni izirimo uturere twa “ABCD,” zo mu bihugu bya Kameruni,Gabon,Congo ya Brazzaville,Republika y’Afrika yo hagati n’igice cya Congo yo mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba,aho bavuga ko ba Bantu ariho bakomotse.Kubona rero muri iki gihe indimi zivugwa iwabo kavukire ka ba Bantu zitandukanye cyane ubwazo kurusha izivugwa aho basuhukiye,Ni icyemezo kitagishwa imhaka,cyemeza ko iryo suhuka ritabayeho.Nta kuntu abantu bavugaga ururimi rumwe basuhukiye mu bice bitandukanye,banyuze mu bice bibiri bitandukanye,noneho bagera hahandi basuhukiye, bagasanga indimi zabo zarahwanye cyane kurusha uko zari zihwanye batari basuhuka.
Abo bazungu rero bavuga ngo byemewe mu buhanga bw’indimi,ko iyo abantu basuhutse bava ahantu hamwe basuhukira ahantu henshi hatandukanye,indimi zabo zizakomeza kugira isano cyane kurusha iz’abasigaye imuhira batigeze bagira aho bajya.Urugero rworoshye cyane hano twatanga ni ku Bwongereza,igihugu cyavuyemo abasuhuke benshi cyane kurusha ahandi hose ku isi.Ubwo rero dukurikije iyi ntekerezo,Abongereza basuhukiye muri USA,Canada,Australiya,New Zealand,Afrika y’epfo,no mu tundi duce,ngo icyongereza bose bavuga aho hose,kirahwanye kurusha ikivugwa iwabo bataye mu Bwongereza.
Abazobereye mu ndimi zikoreshwa mw’isi yose,ubu bariho barigisha ko ngo izo ndimi zo muri Bantuphonie kubera ko ngo zihwanye cyane, ni icyemezo cyemeza ko abazikoresha ari bashyashya,bakaba ngo baragwijijwe n’ingoma ya gikirisitu n’iya gikoloni zirata ko zabazaniye ibijumba,imyumbati n’ibirayi bivuye hakurya y’inyanja. Ubwo izo ndimi zose 493 abazungu bazikubiye mu cyiciro kimwe gusa,naho iBuraya bagafata nkeya zo mu karere kamwe bakaziha icyazo zihariye, babigiriye gusa kugira ngo umuzungu yihe imyanya myiza mu mateka y’isi.
Izo ndimi za kizungu zose,abazizi bazi neza ko isano riri hagati y’igifransa n’igitariyani, icyongereza n’igihispanyori ari kimwe n’iriboneka hagati y’ikinyarwanda,ikirundi,ikinyankore amangara. Ubugenzuzi bworoshye cyane umuntu wese ushize ubute yakora ku byerekeye izo ndimi ni nko gufata ku rupapuro rwa dictionnaire y’igifransa n’icyongereza akareba amagambo afitanye isano muri izo ndimi zombi,noneho akabigereranya no muri dictionnaires z’izi ndimi zacu.Ibyo ubigerageje wasanga ko muri buri magambo 35‑45 ku ijana (35%‑45%) mu cyongereza no mu gifransa bihwanye,naho mu kinyarwanda no mu giswahiri,amagambo 25‑35 ku ijana (25%‑35%) nayo agahwana.Mu zindi ndimi nk’igisetswana cyo muri Botswana,ho usanga amagambo gihuje no mu Kinyarwanda atarenga 10% !!
Ibiramambu rero,nuko burya ngo igifransa n’icyongereza bikomoka mu miryango ibiri itandukanye,naho ikinyarwanda n’igiswahiri bikava mu muryango umwe.Igifransa cyavuye mu kiratini,icyongereza kiva mu kidage,naho indimi za Bantu ngo zavuye mu rurimi rumwe sekuruza wabo wari utuye muri Kameruni yavugaga,hirya y’imyaka 5000 ishize,aribwo abamukomotseho batangiye gusuhukira aho bose batuye muri iki gihe.
Ntibyunvikanye rero ukuntu indimi ebyiri zo mu muryango umwe zatandukana kurusha ebyiri za kizungu zikomoka mu miryango ibiri itandukanye.Aho rero Umuzungu yihutira gushaka ubusobanuro muri ayo mayobera, kuko adakunda kuvuguruzwa kuko ubumenyi bw’isi yose yabwihariye.Ubwo nyine umuzungu aragerageza kutuyobya ashaka ko ururimi rwe n’ishyanga rye byamenyekana ko ari bikuru cyane kurusha iby’umwirabura.Ibyo kandi ni ibintu twese tugomba kuzirikana,kuko mu mateka y’isi yose nkuko tuyasoma mu bitabo umuzungu yihaye kwandika no kwigira umuvugizi w’isi yose,ahora ashaka kwishyira hejuru no mu myanya myiza kurusha ayandi mahanga,ugasanga ishyanga rye ariryo rikuru kandi rivugwa neza kurusha ayandi.
Aho rero umuzungu yihutira gutanga ibyemezo bishyigikira intekerezo ze zose,kugirango byemerwe nkaho ari ukuri nyakwo.Nkubwo abazobereye mu ndimi bavuga ko imhamvu igifransa n’icyongereza,indimi ebyiri zo miryango itandukanye zahuza amagambo kurusha ebyiri za Bantu ziri mu gashami kamwe,nuko ngo rimwe umwami w’umufransa yateye uBwongereza akabukoloniza,noneho icyongereza kikinjiramwo amagambo y’igifransa.Ibyo birumvikana nyine,kandi birasobanura mu buryo buhagije uko amagambo y’igifransa yinjiye mu cyongereza,ariko ntibisobanura ukuntu indimi zihuje amagambo angana atyo yashyizwe mu miryango ibiri itandukanye.
Biragaragara nyine ubwo ko abo bazungu biga indimi za Bantu bibagiwe cyangwase birengagije gukoresha ubwo buryo ngo basobanure imhamvu ikinyarwanda n’ikirundi cyangwase ikigande n’ikinyoro bihwanye cyane.Nk’ubwo usubiye mu mateka y’ibyo bihugu usanga ko intumwa z’uRwanda zakolonije uBurundi iza Bunyoro nazo zigakoloniza uBugande,bikaba bisobanura ukuntu indimi nyinshi za Bantu zakomeje gutiririkanya,gusangira no guhuza amagambo zisangiye.Uko rero akaba ariko izo ndimi zihuje,mu cyimbo cyo kuvuga ko zihuje kubera ko abazivuga babyawe n’umuntu umwe.Imhamvu imwe gusa ituma abazungu bashyira icyongereza n’igifransa mu miryango ibiri itandukanye,ni uko aribo bandika ibitabo,bakaba rero bakunda kwishyira mu myanya myiza,abandi bakabajugunya aho bashatse kuko baba bazi ko ntawuzatinyuka kubanyomoza.
Ikindi kibazo cy’ingutu abazobereye mu ndimi za Bantu bananiwe gusubiza ni ku byerekeye ibice bimwe bya ba Bantu byiganjwemo cyane n’aborozi batari ba Bantu.Aho ni nko mu Rwanda,Burundi Nkore,Bunyoro/Toro, Karagwe n’ibindi bice bya Congo,Kenya,Uganda na Tanzaniya.Bamwe muri abo borozi ni aba cyera cyane bari bahatuye kuva mu myaka ya mbere ya Yezu,kuko inka zari zihari icyo gihe.Ikintu gitangaje rero kandi kitumvikana,ni uko bamwe muri abo borozi baje kuvangavanga n’abasuhuke ba Bantu bavuye muri Kameruni,bigatuma ururimi kavukire rw’abo borozi ruhinduka cyangwase barureka burundu bagafata urw’abo basuhuke ba Bantu.Ibyo byabaye mu Rwanda,Burundi,Nkore,Toro/Bunyoro,na Karagwe n’ibindi bice.Mu borozi bandi ho,ba Bantu baraje bafata amasambu baratura,ariko ntabwo bigeze begerana n’abo borozi hahasanze,bagumana indimi zabo zitandukanye,bagumana imipaka yabo,imico yabo imana zabo babana batyo ariko ntacyo basangiye.Ntabwo byumvikanye nanone rero ukuntu igice kimwe cy’aborozi cyemeye kwakira no kwivanga n’abasuhuke ba Bantu,ikindi kikanga kubegera kumara iyo myaka yose.
Mu muderi (igishushanyo/graphic) wakozwe na bamwe mu mhuguke zikora ubushakashatsi ku ndimi za Bantu,bafashe indimi zose za Bantu bazigereranya bakurikije amagambo ngo zatiririkanije,bahereye muri Kameruni kugeza mu Bazulu bo kwa Mandela ngo berekane urukuru kurusha izindi.Aho bibeshya rero ni uko uramutse ukoresheje uwo muderi ushingiye ku magambo indimi zatirirkanije mu ndimi z’iBuraya,byaba ngombwa gushyira icyongereza hamwe n’igifransa mu ishami rimwe,kuko izo ndimi zisangiye amagambo menshi cyane.Ubigize utyo rero waba ushyomye,kuko icyongereza n’igifransa biri mu miryango ibiri itandukanye,tukaba rero twibwira ko Abazungu biga indimi za Bantu bakosheje batyo,kubera kutita ku mateka y’Afrika.
Ikindi gikomeza kubangamira abo bahanga bagihanyanyaza bagerageza gusobanura ayo mayobera y’isihuka rya ba Bantu,ni ku muco karande wabo mu bice byose basuhukiyemo utandukanye cyane.Bwambere ni ku biribwa byinshi biboneka mu turere twa Bantu bikagira amazina atandukanye,kandi bose barabirazwe na sekuruza wabo wari utuye muri Kameruni.Icyakora kuri iyi ngingo ntawuzi neza ibyo yabaraze,bikaba wenda ariyo mhamvu abo basuhuke babisanze aho basuhukiye,babyita amazina atandukanye.
Igikabije kurushaho ariko ku muco karande wabo,ni ku byerekeye Imana baramya zitandukanye cyane,kandi n’imihango n’imiziririzo igendana n’izo mana zabo iratandukanye cyane kandi aba bazungu batubeshya ko ba Bantu bose ari bene mugabo umwe.Abanyafrika bose mu muco wabo bakundaga imana zabo kandi baziramyaga banaziterekerera bagendera ku mihango n’imiziririzo babwirijwe na ba sekuruza babo.Ibiramambu rero,ni uko muri ba Bantu bose,usanga buri gace kose,kifitiye imana zako,n’imihango n’imiziririzo yako bwite kadasangiye n’andi mahanga ya Bantu.Ntabwo byari gushoboka ko abantu bakomoka hamwe basangiye umukurambere umwe ubabyara bose,bari kugera mu masuhukiro yabo mashyashya noneho bakiyemeza kureka imana y’umukurambere wabo bakishyiriraho izabo nsyashya Ibyo ni umuziro mu Banyafrika bose.Mu bice bya Congo zombi,Cameruni na Gabon baramya imana yitwa Nzambe.Iyo se yaba ariyo uwo mukurambere ubabyara bose yaramyaga?
Mu bugenzuzi bwakoze na Kagame,yasanze ko ba Bantu bose baramya imana zirenga 18,kandi dore ngizi n’ibihgu baziramyamo.
1.Nzambe (Cameruni,Zaire,Congo,Gabon).
2. Kalunga (Zaire,Angola,Namibiya).
3.Leza (Zambia,Zaire,Angola).
4.Mwari (Mozambique).
5.Imana (Rwanda,Burundi,Tanzaniya,Congo),
6.Mungu (Tanzaniya,Kenya,Malawi,Mozambique).
7.Modimo (Zambia,Lesotho,Africa y’epfo).
8.Chikwembu (Mozambique).
9.Mvidi Mukulu (Congo).
10.Unkulunkulu (Afrika y’epfo).
11.Suku (Angola).
12.Ruhanga (Uganda,Congo).
13.Njakomba (Republika y’Afrika yo hagati).
14.Iliyuba (Cameruni,Kenya,Tanzania).
15.Inkulukumba (Mozambique).
16.Kalanga (Congo).
17.Mbumbi (Congo).
18.Nguluwi (Tanzania).
19.Gatonda (Ibugande)
20.Ruhanga (Nkore)
Mu Rwanda imana yaho abazungu batari baza yari Imana y’iRwanda abantu bose baramyaga.Iyo Mana rero yari izwi n’iBurundi no mu bwoko bw’Abaluba muri Congo,ariko ntibisobanutse neza ukuntu Abaluba bo muri Congo bake kuramya Imana y’iRwanda.Indi mana abantu bamwe baramyaga muri Kenya,Tanzania na Kameruni ni iyitwaga “Iliyuba” (izuba),bikaba rero bidatangaje kubona muri Afrika hari abantu baramyaga ibigirwamana nk’izuba nkuko byari bimeze mu bihugu bikonja iBuraya no muri Aziya.Muri Afrika y’epfo baramya imana yitwa Mudimo/Muzimu/Molimo,ikaba nyina wa muzimu w’iRwanda.Umva nawe rero muri ba Bantu,aho hamwe bamwita umuzimu ahandi bamwita imana!
Mu byukuri izi ndimi za Bantu ntaho zihuriye,n’izihuje zisangiye amagambo amwe amwe,byatewe nuko bari baturanye cyangwase bakomoka hamwe. Kugirango ibi bisobanuke neza,hano twashyizeho ingingo 3 zanditswe mu Lingala ryo muri Kongo,mu Kindebele no mu Gishona byo muri Zimbabwe,ngo twerekane ukuntu izi ndimi zitandukanye cyane.Ubusanzwe indimi ziri mu cyiciro (ishami/branche) kimwe ni iziba zifitanye isano bihagije, ku buryo zishobora kumvikana nkuko igihispanyori n’ikinyaportugal cyangwase ikinyarwanda n’ikirundi byumvikana.Aha umusomyi nawe yisomere arebe ukuntu izi ndimi zitandukanye cyane,zikaba zikenewe kongera kwigwa n’imhuguke z’Abanyafrika bakazishyira mu myanya no mu byiciro bizikwiye.Uretse kwigiza nkana koko,aha ninde Munyarwanda ushobora kumva icyo ibi bivuga abaye atarize izi ndimi cyangwase atarabaye mu bihugu zivugwamo??
Ikindebele (Isindebele)
Nomanje kube lokhuphumelela okukhulu okubekhona elizwemi kule iminyaka elitshumi nambiliedluleyo kwezokuthuthukisa inhalo yabesifazane emaphendleni,lokhu besatwhele umthwalo onzima.Umbiko usanda kukhitshwa ngabe Zimbabwe Women’s Bureau uthi abesifazane abangamakhulu ayithoba munwe munye ababuzwengempilo yabo bazise ngokutwala kwabo nzima benceda izimuli zabo.
Igishona (Ishishona)
Kana zvazvo pave nematanho akatorwa mumakore gumi nemaviri apfuura munyanya dzekusimudzira magariro nehupenyu hwemadzimai emumaruwa, madzimai aya achakatakura mutoro unorema.Mashoko akaburitswanesangano remadzimai reZimbabwe Women’s Bureau anoti madzimai vangasvike 900 vakabvunza muchirongwa chekuyedza kuongorarora magariro avo mu maruwa vakati vanogunun’una zvikuru nezvimhingamupinyi zvavakatarisana nazvo mu mabasa ekuriritira mhuri dzavo.
Ilingala
Tokosepelaka mingi na botangi o kasa maluli ma baninga baike, bakosenge te balendisa bolakisa kota ya Putu o kelasi ya baindo.Yango malamu mingi solo.Kasi bandeko ba biso bana bakobosanake te maluli ma pamba pamba makomonisa moto lokola mwana moke.Mwana moke azali na limpa sikawa,ekomono ye sukali,akobwaka limpa pe akolela sukali.Lolenge loko soko bakolakisa biso lingala,kiswahili,kikongo,tsiluba,toebi naino malamu te,tokoibwaka pe tokolela francais,flamand,anglais.Wana nini? Tokomenya kota ya biso te; tokoibebisa bobebisi.Na yango mindele bakolomona bo bana bake ba bilulela pe bakoseke biso.
Ikinyakyusa
NDAKURAMUTSA MARIA
Nikukuponya gwe Maria
Gwe gwiswiswile ubugolofu,
Umalafyale ali na nungwe,
Uli nu lusajougwe ukabakinda abakikulu.
Bosa kangi Yesu umpapigwa ndwanda lwako,
Ali nu lusajo.
Maria gwe mwikemo,gwena gwa kyala,
Utusumirege uswe twe bonangi, lilino na
Nkabililo kwa kufwira kwitu.
Mu nyandiko nyinshi nasuzumye zanditswe n’abiga ubu bugenzuzi bwa Bantu,hari aho nasanze ubwoko bwitwa Abanyakyusa batuye mu bice bya Tanzaniya na Malawi.Birumvikana rero ko iryo zina risa n’amazina menshi akoreshwa mu bihugu bita ibyo mu biyaga bigari birimo Rwanda,Burundu Uganda na Tanzania.Mu nyandiko zimwe nashoboye gusuzuma,nasanzemo amagambo amwe asa no mu kinyarwanda cya cyera,bikaba bishoboka rero koko,ko baba barasuhutse bavayo nko mu matangira y’ingoma nyiginya.Mu byiciro by’indimi za Bantu Guthrie yakoze,ikinyakyusa yagihaye umwanya wacyo bwite,kuko yabonaga kidahwanye n’izindi ndimi bu bice bihereranye.Ikindi nabonye mu nyadiko zerekeye Abanyakyusa,ni uko ngo abakazana baho batsinda ba sebukwe kimwe no mu Rwanda,no bindi bihugu byegeranye.Abanyakyusa igihugu cyabo bacyita “uBunyakyusa,” ugasanga rero no mu Rwanda ariko twabwita.Ikintu gitangaza ariko,ni uko ntaho usanga muri izo nyandiko zose abo bahanga mu ndimi za Bantu ntacyo bavuga ku nkomoko y’Abanyakyusa.
Hari ikarte ikoreshwa mu kubaka urwego rwerekana uko ayo masuhuko ya Bantu ybayeho,mu buryo bukoresha uko indimi zitiririkanya amagambo.Nk’ubwo izidafite amagambo menshi aboneka mu zindi ndimi zifatwa nkaho arizo nkuru zavugwaga n’abo basuhuke bambere ba Bantu batangiye gusuhuka.Nkurikije rero uko izo ndimi baziringanije,nashushanije kuri ikarte ya Afrika inzira ba Bantu baciyemo basuhuka nsanga nta shingiro iyo ntekerezo ifite,bikaba ariyo mhamvu iryo suhuka ari umugani gusa udafite ibyemezo nyabyo biwushyigikiye.Ubundi kandi nakoresheje uwo muderi mu ndimi z’iBuraya,nsanga ari ngombwa gushyira icyongereza n’igifransa mu gashami kamwe,kubera amagambo menshi izo ndimi zombi zisangiye,bikaba rero bishyomye.
Uwitwa Jan Vansina we wihaye kwandika cyane ku mateka y’uRwanda,ubu yarivuguruje anavuguruza benewabo avuga ko ngo iryo suhuka rya ba Bantu ritabayeho. Ubwo we avuga ko ya migani ya cyera ya Hamite ubu yasimbujwe iya Bantu. Ba Bantu ngo babagize ubwoko nyabwo,babagira ishyanga,ndetse bakanavuga ko aribwo bwoko bwambere muri Afrika.
References
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Chretien, J.P., 2000. L’Afrique des Grands Lacs: Deux mille ans d’histoire. Paris.
Curtin, P. et al. 1978. African History. Boston.
Ehret, C. 2001. Re-envisioning a central problem of early African History. International Journal of African Historical Studies.
Felberg, K. 1996. Kinyakyusa-English-Kiswahili Dictionary. Dar es Salaam.
Grunderbeek,M, et al.,Le Premier Age de Fer au Rwanda et au Burundi,Archeologie et Environement,Tervuren,1983.
Hiernaux,J,Les Caracteres Physiques des Populations du Rwanda et du Burundi,Tervuren,1954.
Lwanga-Lunyigo,S. The Bantu Problem Reconsidered,Current Anthropology,Vol.17. No.2. (June 1976).
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Nyakatura, J.W., Abakama Ba Bunyoro Kitara,New York 1973.
Ogot, B.A. 1967. Zamani: A Survey of East African History.Nairobi
Salas, A. et al. 2002. The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape. American Journal of Human Genetics, November 2002.
Van Noten,F. Les Tombes du Roi Cyirima Rujugira,Tervuren,1972.
Vansina, J. 1985. Oral Traditions as History. Madison.
Vansina, J. 1995. New linguistic evidence and the Bantu expansion. Journal of African History,36:173-195.
Vansina,J, Comments on Christopher Ehret. “ Bantu History: Re Envisioning the Evidence of Language.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol.34,No1,(2001) pp.43-81.
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* Israel Ntaganzwa is a Rwandan independent researcher based in New York,with a general interest in the history of the Great Lakes region and specifically,precolonial Rwanda and the ancient kingdoms of Nkore,Karagwe,Burundi, and eastern Congo.
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