Imyaka 18 irashize jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ibaye i Rwanda, igakorwa na bamwe mu Banyarwanda kandi igahagarikwa n’abandi Banyarwanda; amahanga arebera abakoraga jenoside cyangwa abatera inkunga, naho abicwa babakuyeho amaboko nk’aho bo batari abantu bakwiye gutabarwa. Muri jenoside na nyuma yaho, kuri benshi, kwitwa umunyarwanda byasaga n’ibiteye isoni n’ikimwaro kuko, ku batazi neza u Rwanda, kwitwa umunyarwanda byari nko kuba umwicanyi cyangwa se kuba umwe mu banyagihugu barangwa n’ubwicanyi! Isura y’u Rwanda n’Abanyarwanda yari yahinduwe amaraso gusa!

Nibyo koko, abana bavutse igihe jenoside yabaga, ubu bamaze kuba bakuru ku buryo bafite uburenganzira busesuye, imbere y’amategeko, bwo kwifatira ibyemezo ubwabo. Kimwe nabo, u Rwanda narwo ngira ngo abataremeraga ko rufite ubushobozi bwo kwikura mu mahano ya jenoside ndetse n’ingaruka ziteye ubwoba zayikurikiye (kandi zigikomeza ku buryo bunyuranye) ndahamya ko nyuma y’imyaka 18 jenoside ibaye noneho bashobora kuba bamaze kwemera ko u Rwanda rutarangwa n’abajenosideri gusa, ahubwo rufite n’abandi bantu benshi b’intwari kandi bafite ubwenge n’ubushishozi budasanzwe.

Kuva aho jenoside ihagarikiwe, n’ubwo bwose ibibazo bishingiye ku mutekano mucye byakomeje guterwa n’abajenosideri banyuranye bari henshi ku mbibi z’u Rwanda cyangwa se no mu gihugu imbere, Leta y’ubumwe yagiyeho ntiyahwemye kwerekana ko ubutegetsi bwari bugiyeho bwari butandukanye n’ubwariho mbere no mu gihe cya jenoside (ari nabwo bwayiteguye kandi bukayishyira mu bikorwa). Muri icyo gihe cya nyuma ya jenoside, bitewe n’ibibazo bitagira ingano kandi bikarishye cyane byari mu Rwanda, hari benshi mu bantu banyuranye babonaga ko u Rwanda nta mahirwe na macye rwari rufite rwo kuzabasha kubikemura ngo rwongere rube igihugu gitekanye, kigendwa kandi gifite ijambo mu ruhando rw’amahanga! Uko ibintu byagiye bikurikirana mu gukemurwa, kuva muw’i 1994 kugeza ubu, ntawe utabibona cyangwa ngo abyumve.

Kugeza magingo aya, ari abanyamahanga cyangwa se abanyarwanda batekerezaga ko u Rwanda rwari rwasenyutse ku buryo budasubirwaho kandi butari bugifite igaruriro barabibona ko ibyo bibwiraga bitabaye, ndetse umuntu akaba atatinya no kuvuga ko bitakinashoboka ko u Rwanda rwazima burundu. U Rwanda, nk’igihugu, ubu rurakomeye ku buryo butajegajega kandi buzaramba kuko ibikorwa byose n’ibyubakwa birubakirwa ku musingi uhamye. Ingero zibyerekana ni nyinshi, ariko reka, muri aka kanya, twerekane ibimenyetso bike bishimangira ibyo tuvuga.

Muri rusange, kugira ngo igihugu gihungabane cyangwa kibure umutekano bishobora guterwa n’impamvu zinyuranye, ariko umuntu akaba yavuga ko ziri mu ibice nka bibiri: hari izishobora guturuka mu gihugu imbere, hari n’izishobora guturuka hanze. Kandi rero, ku buryo bufatika, izo mpamvu z’ibice byombi zishobora no guhurirana, cyangwa iz’uruhande rumwe (mu gihe zigaragaje) zigahita zikurura iz’ikindi gice.  Mu yandi magambo, ibibazo biturutse mu gihugu imbere bishobora guhita bitera ibindi hanze, cyangwa ibikomotse hanze bigahita bibyutsa ibindi mu gihugu imbere, ari ibyari bihasanzwe ku buryo bwihishe cyangwa n’ibindi bishya byavuka.

Kuba twateruye tuvuga ko ubu Abanyarwanda benshi (wenda si ijana ku ijana, ariko byaba hafi aho) batewe ishema kandi bishimiye kuba ari Abanyarwanda ni uko, urebye imbere mu gihugu no hanze yacyo, usanga nta mpamvu nyakuri zifatika zihari zatuma u Rwanda rwongera kugwa mu mahano y’ubwicanyi na jenoside (biboneka ko ahanini byashingiye ku “bwoko”, nk’uko abakoloni babwemeje, bikanashimangirwa na repubulika ya Mbere n’iya Kabiri z’u Rwanda) nk’ayo rwanyuzemo mu myaka yashize (1959-1994).

Nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ibyo kuvuga ngo ubwoko bw’umunyarwanda ni umuhutu, umututsi cyangwa umutwa ntacyo bikivuze, nta n’icyo bimaze (dore ko bitakinandikwa mu ndangamuntu cyangwa ngo bibe no mu zindi nyandiko z’ubutegetsi izo arizo zose). Ibyo rero bivuze ko ntawe ushobora kwitwaza “ubwoko” bwe (hutu, tutsi, twa) ngo ahabwe ibyo atari akwiye cyangwa ngo abivutswe kubera “ubwoko” bwe. Uterwa ibyishimo no kwitwa umuhutu, umututsi cyangwa umutwa namubwira iki, ariko amenye ko ibyo ntaho azabirisha muri uru Rwanda rw’ubu turimo kuko ruhuza abanyarwanda bose nk’abana b’igihugu kimwe kandi rukabaha uburenganzira n’amahirwe amwe, aho kubatanya nk’uko byahoze mbere. Ubumwe n’ubwiyunge, nyuma y’ amahano atavugwa twanyuzemo, nta kindi bugamije.

Ubu nta munyarwanda uhejwe mu gihugu cye; niyo yaba yaragiye mu buhungiro arahamagarirwa gutaha mu rwamubyaye nta nkomyi. Ibi rero biratuma umutekano urushaho gusagamba. Uwashaka kuwuhungabanya nawe (aho yaba aturutse hose), ingabo z’u Rwanda (zitavangura nk’uko byari mbere) zizamurwanya nk’uko zitahwemye kubyerekana kandi zifatanije n’abaturage kuko aribo zikorera.

Ubutegetsi buri mu Rwanda guhera nyuma ya jenoside buha, ku buryo bugaragara, uruhare abaturage mu miyoborere kuko uretse kwegerezwa abayobozi n’inzego z’ubuyobozi, abaturage nabo bashobora kujya mu nzego z’ubuyobozi zinyuranye binyuze mu matora. Ikindi kandi uwitwaye nabi mu nzego z’ubuyobozi abaturage ntibatinya kwerekana amakosa ye, bityo akabibazwa n’ababishinzwe. Nta munyarwanda ugitinya kuvuga icyo atekereza, ari ibigenda neza, cyangwa ibyaba bitagenda neza kugira ngo bikosorwe. Imvugo yarangaga abategetsi bo hambere ngo “ntabwo wankura ku mwanya w’ubutegetsi ndimo kuko atari wowe wawunshyizeho” zisa n’izirimo kwibagirana.

Ibyagaruriye Abanyarwanda ishema n’agaciro, nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 ni byinshi umuntu yavuga, ariko reka tube duhiniye kuri iyi ngingo ya nyuma (ngo “kuyavuga si ukuyamara”) tuvuga kubyerekeye iterambere. Ntawe uyobewe ko mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, uretse abantu barenga miliyoni bishwe urw’agashinyaguro n’ibintu binyuranye byasenyutse ndetse n’ibindi bikadindira. Muri iki gihe ugeze mu Rwanda wese abona ko mu myaka 18 gusa ishize igihugu cyakomeje kwisana kandi kigikomeje gukataza mu kwiyubaka no kwiteza imbere mu nzego zinyuranye. Ibikorwa remezo biriyongera ubutitsa (imihanda, amavuriro, amashuri, amazu, ibikorwa by’itumanaho,…) kandi bikagera mu nzego zose z’ubuzima bw’igihugu (ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, uburezi, ubuvuzi, ubutegetsi bw’igihugu, imibereho  y’abaturage, ubukungu, ubutabera, etc.).

Ibikorwa byiza byose u Rwanda rukora kandi byigaragaza ntitwatinya kuvuga ko, urebeye imbere mu gihugu, bifite umusingi ukomeye cyane kuko abanyarwanda bose, ku buryo bunyuranye, babifitemo uruhare. Ibyo rero bigatanga icyizere ko bazakomeza no kubibumbatira kuko ari ibyabo kandi bibafitiye akamaro, muri rusange, kuko ntawe utabibonamo inyungu. Ku rundi ruhande, uhereye hanze y’igihugu, u Rwanda rubanye neza n’andi mahanga, uhereye ku baturanyi ( ndetse bamwe bakaba bahuriye n’u Rwanda mu muryango mugari) kandi, igihe cyose byaba bibaye ngombwa, Abanyarwanda bashyize hamwe bakaba biteguye neza kurwana ku busugire bw’igihugu cyabo ( nk’uko n’aho ingabo zabo zitabaye hose zigaragaza ubutwari kandi zigatahukana ishema).

Mu magambo magufi rero twakwanzura tuvuga ko mbere cyangwa mu bihe bya jenoside Abanyarwanda bari bafite byinshi bibatera ipfunwe ryo kwitwa Abanyarwanda, kubera amarorerwa yakorerwaga mu gihugu cyabo. Nyuma y’imyaka 18 gusa jenoside ihagaritswe, kubera ubuyobozi bw’igihugu buriho kandi butandukanye n’ubwa mbere, ibintu birimo birahinduka ku buryo buteye ishema Abanyarwanda kandi bukabahesha agaciro. Ubu twahamya ko Abanyarwanda b’umutima, aho baherereye hose, bafite cyane ishema ryo kuba ari Abanyarwanda.

Dr Sébastien GASANA
Sociologue

http://www.rwandaises.com