Niyonsaba Pascal
Ntabwo bikiri ibanga, ubukungu bw’isi mu mwaka wa 2008 bwarajegeye ku buryo nta gihugu cyahirahira ngo kivuge ko ibirimo kuba bitakireba. No muri Amerika bari basanzwe bameze nk’aho ibibazo by’ubukungu bitabareba, niho byahereye kandi nta muti bafite, amaso bayahanze ubuyobozi bwa Barack Obama nyuma y’itariki ya 20 Mutarama 2009. Iyo bavuga ihungabana ry’ubukungu abantu baba bagomba kumva ikibazo kibasira abaturage b’igihugu bikamara amezi atatu nibura. Icyo gihe mu bihugu bikennye biterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ituma umusaruro uba muke, ibiciro by’ibiribwa bikiyongea, ubushomeri bukiyongera, ku masoko ibitumizwa mu mahanga bikaba bike kubera n’ikibazo cy’ubwikorezi biba bitameze neza. Mu bihugu byateye imbere ho ihungabana ry’ubukungu ryigaragariza mu gushora imari ahatunguka, kubura icyizere mu nzego z’amafaranga, kwiyongera kw’imyenda bikajyana n’ubushomeri bwiyongera kubera kwirukana abakozi, umusaruro w’igihugu n’abantu ku giti cyabo ukagabanuka, mbese ugasanga ari ikibazo gisatiriye imibanire n’amahanga.
Umuntu asubije amaso inyuma abona hari ibibazo nka biriya byagiyebiba hirya no hino ku isi, mu matariki anyuranye. Kuva mu 1929-1937, ihungabana ry’ubukungu ryahereye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika risatira isi yose. Mu 1973 na 1979, kubera intambara hagati ya Israheli n’Abarabu, intambara ya Irani na Irak (mu 1979) habayeho kuzamuka kw’ibiciro bya peteroli ku buryo byateye ihungabana ry’ubukungu ku isi. Mu 1993, kubera ivugurura mikoreshereze y’ifaranga i Burayi nabyo byateje ibibazo. Mu 1994, mu gihugu cya Mexique habayeho guta agaciro k’ifaranga ryabo bita peso ku buryo ubukungu bw’icyo gihugu bwabaye nk’ubusubira kuri zeru. Mu 1997, mu bihugu by’Asiya y’Iburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo habaye umusaruro ukabije bitewe n’imikoreshereze y’ikoranabuhanga rishya. Ibihugu bya Singapour, Taiwan, Coreya y’Epfo, Malaisia, Indonesia, Thailande byagize ikibazo cy’igihombo cyatewe no kubura isoko ry’ibyo bakora bimwe birangirika.
Mu 1998: Mu Burusiya habaye ikibazo cy’amafaranga arimo guta agaciro kubera gukoresha nabi peteroli na gaz ku buryo byafashe igihe ngo basubize ibintu mu buryo. Mu 2000-2001: ikoreshwa rya Internet ryatumye hazamurwa ibiciro bituma hamwe na hamwe ubukungu bugenda nabi. Mu gihugu cya Turquie mu 2002 ifaranga yabo bita Lira ryataye agaciro bikabije ku buryo bigira ingaruka ku gihugucyose. No muri Zimbabwe niko bimeze. Kuva mu mpera za 2007, isi yose yajegejwe n’ibibazo by’ubukungu, ku buryo umwaka wa 2008 waranzwe n’ibibazo by’ubukungu binyuranye harimo izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibiribwa, izamuka ry’iiciro by’ibikomoka kuri peteroli n’ibibazo biri mu mabanki n’inzego z’amafaranga ku isi
Umwihariko w’umwaka wa 2008
Abibuka mu ntangiriro za 2008, bibuka imyigaragambyo yabaye mu bihugu by’Afurika, nka Cameroun, Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire, Bénin, Guinée Conakry na Misiri kubera ibura ry’umuceri cyangwa se muri Haïti ituwe n’abirabura muri Amerika yo hagati; Ibura ry’ibiribwa by’ibanze, nk’umuceri, ingano n’ibigori niryo ryateje ihungabana ry’ubukungu ariko icyo gihe abantu babonaga ko ari ikibazo cy’ibihugu bikennye n’ubundi bitunzwe n’inkunga y’amahanga. Kuri icyo kibazo cy’ibiribwa hiyongereyeho izamuka ry’ibiciro byua peteroli n’ibiyikomokaho. Kuva muri Mutarama 2008 kugera muri Nyakanga 2008, akagunguru ka peteroli ( baril /brent) kavuye ku madolari 60 kagera ku madolari 148. Icyo gihe ibihugu bikennye nibyo byahagwaga cyane kuko bitashoboraga kugira indi ngamba y’ubukungu yakorwa uetse guteganya guhangana n’ibiiro by’ibikomoka kuri peteroli bitera izamuka ry’ibindi biciro.
Kuva muri Nyakanga 2008 habaye guhindura isura ariko u bukungu burushaho guhungabana. Bwa mbere muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika bemeye ko amabanki yaho arimo guhomba kubera Imfashanyo zatanzwe mu bwisanzure kugira ngo hubakwe amazu noneho abagurijwe bananirwa kwishyura n’amazu yaguzwe kaba atagifite agaciro ko kwishyura inguzanyo kuko nta n’uwari ugishaka kuyagura. Ibyo bibazo abantu bumvaga ko bizakemuka vuba kuko muri Amerika bafite ubushobozi bwo kwikemurira ibibazo. Nyamara si ko byaje kugenda ibibazo byo mu mabanki yo muri Amerika byasatiriye Uburayi. Amerika n’Uburayi ubundi bemera ubwisanzure mu bucuruzi ariko byabaye ngombwa ko za Leta zisuganya no zitabare ubukungu bumeze nabi. Ibyakozwe mu Budage, mu Bufaransa, mu Bwongerea no mu bindi bihugu ndetse no muri Amerika ntacyo byatanze, igihombo cyarakomeje. No mu bihugu by’Aziya nabo ntiborohewe kuko mu Bushinwa buhari mu mijyi ya Hong Kong, Macao na Shanghaï abakora services z’amafaranga bahuye n’ibibazo. Amabanki amwe yagiey agura ayandi arimo guhomba, nka Bank of Amerika yaguze Merril Lynch, Barclays yo mu Bwongereza na Nomura yo mu Buyapani baguze imigabane ya Lehaman Brothers. Halifax Bank yo mu Bwongereza yaguze Lbyds TSB, iyitwa Fortis yomu Bubiligi, mu Buholandi na Luwembourg yashyizwe mu maboko ya Leta. Ingero ni nyinshi ariko ni uko uko kugura za banki zihomba bitatumye izindi zunguka. Kugeza mu mpera za 2008 imibare yerekana ko nta kunguka muri services z’amafaranga mu bihugu binyuranye.
Mu nganda zikomeye zikora amamodka, ibyuma by’ikoranabuhanga nka General Motors, Nissan, Sony, kugira ngo bahanane n’igihombo bafashe ingamba zo kwirukana abakozi. Uko kugabanya abakozi byagiye biba hirya no hino ku isi biganisha muri bya bisobanuro by’ihungabana ry’ubukungu by’uko bigaragarira mu bushomeri bwiyongera. Iryo hungabana ry’ubukungu ryatumye hafatwa n’izindi ngamba mu ngo ku buryo bagabanya ibitwara amafaranga cyane cyane amamodoka, ibyo byatumye n’ibiciro bya peteroli n’ibiyikomokaho byaragabanutse biva ku madolari 148 ku kagunguru bigera mu nsi y’amadolari 40. Muri make, umwaka wa 2008 waranzwe n’ibibazo by’ubukungu bikabije ukaba unarangiye nta muti ufatika ugaragara wabonetse. Ihungabana ry’ubukungu ku isi ni ikibazo mpuzamahanga, ariko buri gihugu kikagerageza kwishakira igisubizo. Ibisubizo byageragejwe ni byinshi ku buryo abareba kure bemeza ko bizafata igihe kinini ngo ibintu bisubire mu buryo.
